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1.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; : 1-4, 2022 Feb 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2293688

ABSTRACT

We describe 10 patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who received tocilizumab and dexamethasone. We correlated isolation duration with cycle thresholds (Ct) values of nucleic acid amplification tests, clinical state and viral cultures. Isolation duration exceeded 21 days for 7 patients due to positive viral cultures or Ct values <30.

2.
J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can ; 7(3): 283-291, 2022 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2054880

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is usually a time-limited disease. However, prolonged infections and reinfections can occur among immunocompromised patients. It can be difficult to distinguish a prolonged infection from a new one, especially when reinfection occurs early. METHODS: We report the case of a 57-year-old man infected with SARS-CoV-2 while undergoing chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma. He experienced prolonged symptomatic infection for 3 months despite a 5-day course of remdesivir and eventually deteriorated and died. RESULTS: Viral genome sequencing showed that his final deterioration was most likely due to reinfection. Serologic studies confirmed that the patient did not seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights that reinfection can occur rapidly (62-67 d) among immunocompromised patients after a prolonged disease. We provide substantial proof of prolonged infection through repeated nucleic acid amplification tests and positive viral culture at day 56 of the disease course, and we put forward evidence of reinfection with viral genome sequencing.


HISTORIQUE: La COVID-19 est généralement une maladie limitée dans le temps. Toutefois, des infections et réinfections prolongées peuvent survenir chez des patients immunodéprimés. Il peut être difficile de distinguer une infection prolongée d'une nouvelle infection, particulièrement lorsque la réinfection se produit rapidement. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les auteurs rendent compte du cas d'un homme de 57 ans infecté par le SRAS-CoV-2 alors qu'il était sous chimiothérapie pour soigner un lymphome folliculaire. Il a souffert d'une infection symptomatique prolongée de trois mois, malgré un traitement de cinq jours au remdésivir. Son état s'est finalement détérioré et il est décédé. RÉSULTATS: Le séquençage du génome viral a démontré que la détérioration finale de son état a probablement été causée par une réinfection. Les études sérologiques ont confirmé qu'il n'avait pas présenté de séroconversion. CONCLUSIONS: Le présent rapport de cas établit la possibilité d'une réinfection rapide (au bout de 62 à 67 jours) chez les patients immunodéprimés après une longue maladie. Les auteurs fournissent des preuves substantielles d'une infection prolongée par des tests répétés d'amplification des acides nucléiques et par des cultures virales positives au 56e jour de l'évolution de la maladie, et ils présentent des preuves de réinfection grâce au séquençage du génome viral.

3.
Public Health Nutr ; : 1-9, 2022 Jul 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2028622

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The mother-child breastfeeding dyad is a powerful force for achieving healthy, secure and sustainable food systems. However, food system reports exclude breastfeeding and mother's milk. To help correct this omission and give breastfeeding women greater visibility in food systems dialogue and action, we illustrate how to estimate mother's milk production and incorporate this into food surveillance systems, drawing on the pioneering experience of Norway to show the potential value of such analysis. DESIGN: The estimates use data on the proportion of children who are breastfed at each month of age (0-24 months), annual number of live births and assumptions on daily human milk intake at each month. New indicators for temporal and cross-country comparisons are considered. SETTING: It is assumed that a breastfeeding mother on average produces 306 l of milk during 24 months of lactation. PARTICIPANTS: The annual number of live births is from Statistics Norway. Data for any breastfeeding at each month of age, between 0 and 24 months, are from official surveys in 1993, 1998-1999, 2006-2007, 2013 and 2018-2019. RESULTS: Estimated total milk production by Norwegian mothers increased from 8·2 to 10·1 million l per year between 1993 and 2018-2019. Annual per capita production increased from 69 to 91 l per child aged 0-24 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows it is feasible and useful to include human milk production in food surveillance systems as an indicator of infant and young child food security and dietary quality. It also demonstrates significant potential for greater milk production.

4.
Am J Health Syst Pharm ; 79(13): 1079-1085, 2022 06 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1758628

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to measure the impact of anti-reflux needleless connector usage in prevention of intraluminal thrombotic occlusions among central venous catheters, as represented by alteplase usage, in a home infusion patient population. METHODS: An18-month before-and-after cohort study of a single home infusion intervention was conducted to compare occlusion outcomes with use of two types of needleless connectors-neutral and anti-reflux-in preventing catheter occlusions, which have been reported to occur in 28% of home infusion patients, resulting in treatment delays, increased nursing encounters and emergency room visits, and higher overall pharmacy costs for supplies and alteplase. RESULTS: A total of 552,707 patient therapy days were studied: 42.5% in the neutral needleless connector group (n = 235,004 therapy days) and 57.5% in the anti-reflux needleless connector group (n = 317,703 therapy days). The rate of alteplase usage with neutral versus anti-reflux needleless connectors was 4.4% versus 2.2% per 1,000 therapy days, with median alteplase use of 112 (95% CI, 89-169) units versus 82 (95% CI, 68-109) units (P < 0.001). Implementation of anti-reflux connectors reduced occlusions and alteplase usage by 48%. CONCLUSION: Statistical evidence demonstrated that use of anti-reflux needleless connectors with central venous access devices reduced the need for alteplase in the study population. Since 10% of patient occlusions were within 7 days after home infusion admission, future research may indicate that placement of anti-reflux needleless connectors at the time of in-hospital insertion can improve patient outcomes. This quality improvement measure reduced central catheter occlusions, alteplase costs, and the number of required nursing and emergency room visits.


Subject(s)
Catheterization, Central Venous , Pharmacy , Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects , Cohort Studies , Emergency Service, Hospital , Humans , Quality Improvement , Tissue Plasminogen Activator
5.
CMAJ ; 194(9): E350-E360, 2022 03 07.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1731613

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTE: La pandémie de COVID-19 a affecté de manière disproportionnée les travailleurs de la santé. Nous avons voulu mesurer la séroprévalence du SRAS-CoV-2 chez les travailleurs de la santé dans les hôpitaux du Québec, au Canada, après la première vague de la pandémie, afin d'explorer les facteurs associés à la SRAS-CoV-2-séropositivité. MÉTHODES: Entre le 6 juillet et le 24 septembre 2020, nous avons recruté des travailleurs de la santé de 10 hôpitaux, dont 8 d'une région où l'incidence de la COVID-19 était élevée (région de Montréal) et 2 de régions du Québec où l'incidence était faible. Les travailleurs de la santé admissibles étaient des médecins, des infirmières, des préposées aux bénéficiaires et des préposés à l'entretien ménager travaillant dans 4 types d'unité de soins (urgences, soins intensifs, unité hospitalière COVID-19 et unité hospitalière non-COVID-19). Les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire et subi un dépistage sérologique du SRAS-CoV-2. Nous avons identifié les facteurs ayant un lien indépendant avec une séroprévalence plus élevée. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les 2056 travailleurs de la santé recrutés, 241 (11,7 %) se sont révélés SRAS-CoV-2-positifs. Parmi eux, 171 (71,0 %) avaient déjà reçu un diagnostic de COVID-19. La séroprévalence a varié d'un hôpital à l'autre, de 2,4 %­3,7 % dans les régions où l'incidence était faible, à 17,9 %­32,0 % dans les hôpitaux ayant connu des éclosions touchant 5 travailleurs de la santé ou plus. La séroprévalence plus élevée a été associée au fait de travailler dans un hôpital où des éclosions sont survenues (rapport de prévalence ajusté 4,16, intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % 2,63­6,57), au fait d'être infirmière ou auxiliaire (rapport de prévalence ajusté 1,34, IC à 95 % 1,03­1,74), préposée aux bénéficiaires (rapport de prévalence ajusté 1,49, IC à 95 % 1,12­1,97) et d'ethnicité noire ou hispanique (rapport de prévalence ajusté 1,41, IC à 95 % 1,13­1,76). La séroprévalence moindre a été associée au fait de travailler dans une unité de soins intensifs (rapport de prévalence ajusté 0,47, IC à 95 % 0,30­0,71) ou aux urgences (rapport de prévalence ajusté 0,61, IC à 95 % 0,39­0,98). INTERPRÉTATION: Les travailleurs de la santé des hôpitaux du Québec ont été exposés à un risque élevé d'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2, particulièrement lors des éclosions. Il faudra travailler à mieux comprendre la dynamique de la transmission du SRAS-CoV-2 dans les milieux de soins.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/analysis , COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods , COVID-19/epidemiology , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Adult , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/virology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Quebec/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies
6.
J Med Virol ; 94(3): 985-993, 2022 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1718364

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to validate the use of spring water gargle (SWG) as an alternative to oral and nasopharyngeal swab (ONPS) for SARS-CoV-2 detection with a laboratory-developed test. Healthcare workers and adults from the general population, presenting to one of two COVID-19 screening clinics in Montréal and Québec City, were prospectively recruited to provide a gargle sample in addition to the standard ONPS. The paired specimens were analyzed using thermal lysis followed by a laboratory-developed nucleic acid amplification test (LD-NAAT) to detect SARS-CoV-2, and comparative performance analysis was performed. An individual was considered infected if a positive result was obtained on either sample. A total of 1297 adult participants were recruited. Invalid results (n = 18) were excluded from the analysis. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 144/1279 (11.3%) participants: 126 from both samples, 15 only from ONPS, and 3 only from SWG. Overall, the sensitivity was 97.9% (95% CI: 93.7-99.3) for ONPS and 89.6% (95% CI: 83.4-93.6; p = 0.005) for SWG. The mean ONPS cycle threshold (Ct ) value was significantly lower for the concordant paired samples as compared to discordant ones (22.9 vs. 32.1; p < 0.001). In conclusion, using an LD-NAAT with thermal lysis, SWG is a less sensitive sampling method than the ONPS. However, the higher acceptability of SWG might enable a higher rate of detection from a population-based perspective. Nonetheless, in patients with a high clinical suspicion of COVID-19, a repeated analysis with ONPS should be considered. The sensitivity of SWG using NAAT preceded by chemical extraction should be evaluated.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Natural Springs , Adult , COVID-19/diagnosis , Humans , Mouthwashes , Nasopharynx , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Saliva , Specimen Handling/methods , Water
7.
Can Commun Dis Rep ; 47(12): 534-542, 2021 Dec 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1632788

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This PRONTO study investigated the clinical performance of the Abbott ID NOWTM (IDN) COVID-19 diagnostic assay used at point of care and its impact on turnaround time for divulgation of test results. METHODS: Prospective study conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 in acute symptomatic participants presenting in three walk-in centres in the province of Québec. RESULTS: Valid paired samples were obtained from 2,372 participants. A positive result on either the IDN or the standard-of-care nucleic acid amplification test (SOC-NAAT) was obtained in 423 participants (prevalence of 17.8%). Overall sensitivity of IDN and SOC-NAAT were 96.4% (95% CI: 94.2-98.0%) and 99.1% (95% CI: 97.6-99.8), respectively; negative predictive values were 99.2% (95% CI: 98.7-99.6%) and 99.8% (95% CI: 99.5-100%), respectively. Turnaround time for positive results was significantly faster on IDN. CONCLUSION: In our experience, IDN use in symptomatic individuals in walk-in centres is a reliable sensitive alternative to SOC-NAAT without the need for subsequent confirmation of negative results. Such deployment can accelerate contact tracing, reduce the burden on laboratories and increase access to testing.

8.
CMAJ ; 193(49): E1868-E1877, 2021 12 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1591952

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected health care workers. We sought to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among hospital health care workers in Quebec, Canada, after the first wave of the pandemic and to explore factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. METHODS: Between July 6 and Sept. 24, 2020, we enrolled health care workers from 10 hospitals, including 8 from a region with a high incidence of COVID-19 (the Montréal area) and 2 from low-incidence regions of Quebec. Eligible health care workers were physicians, nurses, orderlies and cleaning staff working in 4 types of care units (emergency department, intensive care unit, COVID-19 inpatient unit and non-COVID-19 inpatient unit). Participants completed a questionnaire and underwent SARS-CoV-2 serology testing. We identified factors independently associated with higher seroprevalence. RESULTS: Among 2056 enrolled health care workers, 241 (11.7%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. Of these, 171 (71.0%) had been previously diagnosed with COVID-19. Seroprevalence varied among hospitals, from 2.4% to 3.7% in low-incidence regions to 17.9% to 32.0% in hospitals with outbreaks involving 5 or more health care workers. Higher seroprevalence was associated with working in a hospital where outbreaks occurred (adjusted prevalence ratio 4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.63-6.57), being a nurse or nursing assistant (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.03-1.74) or an orderly (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.49, 95% CI 1.12-1.97), and Black or Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.76). Lower seroprevalence was associated with working in the intensive care unit (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.30-0.71) or the emergency department (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.98). INTERPRETATION: Health care workers in Quebec hospitals were at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in outbreak settings. More work is needed to better understand SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in health care settings.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/blood , COVID-19/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Demography , Health Personnel , Hospitals , Humans , Incidence , Occupational Diseases/blood , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Pandemics , Quebec/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires
9.
J Clin Virol ; 144: 104995, 2021 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1446825

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal swab has long been considered the specimen of choice for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it suffers from several drawbacks: its discomfort limits screening acceptability, and it is vulnerable to shortages in both specialized materials and trained healthcare workers in the context of a pandemic. METHODS: We prospectively compared natural spring water gargle to combined oro-nasopharyngeal swab (ONPS) for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in paired clinical specimens (1005 ONPS and 1005 gargles) collected from 987 unique early symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals from the community. RESULTS: Using a direct RT-PCR method with the Allplex™ 2019-nCoV Assay (Seegene), the clinical sensitivity of the gargle was 95.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.2 - 98.3%), similar to the sensitivity of the ONPS (93.8%; 95% CI, 88.2 - 97.3%), despite significantly lower viral RNA concentration in gargles, as reflected by higher cycle threshold values. No single specimen type detected all COVID-19 cases. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was stable in gargles at room temperature for at least 7 days. CONCLUSION: The simplicity of this sampling method coupled with the accessibility of spring water are clear advantages in a pandemic situation where testing frequency, turnaround time and shortage of consumables and trained staff are critical elements.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , RNA, Viral , Humans , Nasopharynx , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , SARS-CoV-2 , Saliva , Specimen Handling , Water
10.
Archives of Disease in Childhood ; 106(Suppl 1):A289-A290, 2021.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1443478

ABSTRACT

1244 Table 1Comparison of average HbA1c(mmol/mol) pre- and post-lockdown grouped by baseline HbA1cGroup Number of Subjects Pre-LD (1) Post-LD (2) Av-Post-LD (3) Improved 1–2 Improved 1–3 Improved 2–3 >69 38 86.67 76.94 76.49 Yes Yes Yes 64–69 25 65.69 61.82 61.07 Yes Yes Yes 58–63 44 60.14 58.31 59.78 Yes Yes No 53–57 23 55.35 54.23 54.63 Yes Yes No 48–52 18 50.51 52.25 52.59 No No No <48 13 42.07 44.24 46.50 No No No In the four groups with the highest initial HbA1c, improvements were seen when comparing Pre-LD to both Post-LD and Av-Post-LD, with the >69 group improving by 9.73mmol/mol and 10.18mmol/mol respectively. Only the two highest groups demonstrated a sustained improvement. In the two groups with the lowest initial HbA1c, a slight deterioration was seen when comparing Pre-LD to both Post-LD and Av-Post-LD, with a trend towards deterioration.ConclusionsPerhaps unsurprisingly, HbA1c testing fell during lockdown and never returned to pre-lockdown levels, highlighting the pandemic’s disruption to the care of patients with long-term conditions. Contrary to guidance, 14.73% of patients were not tested in the nine months post-lockdown, potentially reflecting reluctance to attend hospital during the pandemic. Nevertheless, where results were available, lockdown seemed to have a positive impact on HbA1c despite the enforced use of telemedicine, unless the patient was already close to target. It is possible that lockdown provided more routine and parental supervision for those with initially high HbA1c but disrupted the successful routine and sporting activities of those initially closer to target.

11.
Journal of Liberal History ; - (112):49-51, 2021.
Article in English | Academic Search Complete | ID: covidwho-1439145
12.
J Med Virol ; 93(9): 5333-5338, 2021 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1363672

ABSTRACT

The accurate laboratory detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a crucial element in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing on combined oral and nasopharyngeal swab (ONPS) suffers from several limitations, including the need for qualified personnel, the discomfort caused by invasive nasopharyngeal sample collection, and the possibility of swab and transport media shortage. Testing on saliva would represent an advancement. The aim of this study was to compare the concordance between saliva samples and ONPS for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on various commercial and laboratory-developed tests (LDT). Individuals were recruited from eight institutions in Quebec, Canada, if they had SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected on a recently collected ONPS, and accepted to provide another ONPS, paired with saliva. Assays available in the different laboratories (Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2, Cobas® SARS-CoV-2, Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct, Allplex™ 2019-nCoV, RIDA®GENE SARS-CoV-2, and an LDT preceded by three different extraction methods) were used to determine the concordance between saliva and ONPS results. Overall, 320 tests were run from a total of 125 saliva and ONPS sample pairs. All assays yielded similar sensitivity when saliva was compared to ONPS, with the exception of one LDT (67% vs. 93%). The mean difference in cycle threshold (∆C t ) was generally (but not significantly) in favor of the ONPS for all nucleic acid amplification tests. The maximum mean ∆​​​​​C t was 2.0, while individual ∆C t varied importantly from -17.5 to 12.4. Saliva seems to be associated with sensitivity similar to ONPS for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by various assays.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/standards , COVID-19/diagnosis , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/standards , RNA, Viral/genetics , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/virology , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/instrumentation , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/instrumentation , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Humans , Mouth/virology , Nasopharynx/virology , Quebec/epidemiology , Saliva/virology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Specimen Handling/standards
13.
Ann Diagn Pathol ; 54: 151800, 2021 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1321982

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Challenging emerging entities with distinctive molecular signatures may benefit from algorithms for diagnostic work-up. METHODS: Fusion sarcomas (2020-2021, during pandemic) were diagnosed by clinicoradiology, morphology, phenotype, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: Six fusion sarcomas in two males and four females involved the chest-wall, neck, or extremities; ages ranged 2-73, median 18 years. Sizes ranged 5.3-25.0, median 9.1 cm. These include high grade 1) TPR-NTRK1 of proximal femur with a larger rounded soft tissue mass, previously considered osteosarcoma yet without convincing tumor matrix. A pathologic fracture necessitated emergency hemipelvectomy (NED) and 2) novel KANK1-NTRK2 sarcoma of bone and soft tissue with spindled pleomorphic to epithelioid features (AWD metastases). 3) Novel ERC1-ALK unaligned fusion, a low grade infiltrative deep soft tissue hand sarcoma with prominent-vascularity, myopericytoid/lipofibromatosis-like ovoid cells, and collagenized stroma, was successfully treated with ALK-inhibitor (Crizotinib), avoiding amputation. These NTRK and ALK tumors variably express S100 and CD34 and were negative for SOX10. 4) and 5) CIC-DUX4 round cell tumors (rapid metastases/demise), one with COVID superinfection, were previously treated as Ewing sarcoma. These demonstrated mild pleomorphism and necrosis, variable myxoid change and CD99 reactivity, and a distinctive dot-like-Golgi WT1 immunostaining pattern. 6) A chest wall/thoracic round cell sarcoma, focal CD34/ keratins/CK7, revealed nuclear-STAT6, STAT6-NAB2 by NGS, confirming malignant solitary fibrous tumor, intermediate-risk-stratification (AWD metastases). CONCLUSIONS: Recent fusion sarcomas include new KANK1-NTRK2 and ERC1-ALK, the latter successfully treated by targeted-therapy. ALK/NTRK fusion partners TPR and KANK1 suggest unusual high-grade morphology/behavior. Clinicoradiologic, morphologic, and phenotypic algorithms can prompt molecular-targeted immunostains or NGS for final classification and promising inhibitor therapy.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Femoral Neoplasms/genetics , Gene Fusion , Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics , Sarcoma/genetics , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics , Thoracic Neoplasms/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Algorithms , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Extremities/pathology , Female , Femoral Neoplasms/diagnosis , Femoral Neoplasms/drug therapy , Femoral Neoplasms/pathology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis , Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Grading , Phenotype , Prognosis , Sarcoma/diagnosis , Sarcoma/drug therapy , Sarcoma/pathology , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/diagnosis , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/drug therapy , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/pathology , Thoracic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thoracic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Thoracic Neoplasms/pathology , Thoracic Wall/pathology , Young Adult
14.
Round Table ; 110(1):62-75, 2021.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1091420

ABSTRACT

This article looks at the impact of the COVID-19 crisis in the United Kingdom. COVID-19 is a health issue but one that would have significant economic and constitutional implications for the UK. Moreover, the asymmetric responses across the UK put pressure on the very fabric of the country, as the four nations – Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland – pursued differing policies in response to COVID-19 and within England certain regions perceived themselves to have been treated unfairly. All of these issues reinforced and magnified the implications of the issue that had overshadowed British politics for years: Brexit.

15.
Breastfeeding Review ; 28(3):7-23, 2020.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1055495

ABSTRACT

During emergencies and disasters infant survival can depend on their access to breastfeeding or human milk. Wet nursing and donor human milk sharing are options endorsed by the World Health Assembly (wha). This study looks at regulatory environments for wet nursing and donor human milk sharing and considers the wider food security and resilience implications.Legislation and policies relating to wet nursing, donor human milk sharing and milk banking can support appropriate infant and young child feeding in emergencies responses (IYCF-E). However, in many countries there is a lack of legislative and regulatory clarity on protecting and supporting breastfeeding practices in these situations. This is true for all income country settings and geographic regions.High breastfeeding prevalence in a country can reduce exposure to food insecurity and risk for mothers and their children during emergencies. Regulatory clarity is also needed to protect safe wet nursing and donor human milk sharing, being an important step in developing protocols and plans for emergency preparedness and response. With human milk products becoming more available, there is also an urgent need to ensure full implementation of the IYCF-E Operational Guidance and the World Health Organization (who) International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent relevant WHA Resolutions.

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